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Section 3. Additional Conditions of Use
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Section 4. Confidential Information and Use of Data
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4.3 Notice and Consent. To the extent Your use of the Cisco Technology requires it, You are responsible for providing notice to, and obtaining consents from, individuals regarding the collection, processing, transfer and storage of their data through Your use of the Cisco Technology.
Section 5. Ownership
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Section 6. Warranties and Representations
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Section 8. Termination and Suspension
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8.2 Termination. Cisco, in its sole discretion and for any or no reason, may terminate Your access to this Cisco Technology or any part thereof and any termination may be without prior notice and without liability to Cisco. Cisco may, for example, suspend or terminate Your access immediately if You breach Sections 2.1 (License and Right to Use), 3.1 (Cisco Technology Generally), 3.2 (Cloud Services), or 9.7 (Export). Upon termination of this Agreement, You must stop using the Cisco Technology and destroy any copies of Software and Confidential Information within Your control.
Section 9. General Provisions
9.1 Survival. Sections 4 (Confidential Information and Use of Data), 5 (Ownership), 7 (Liability), 8 (Termination and Suspension), and 9 (General Provisions) survive termination or expiration of this Agreement.
9.2 Third-Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement does not grant any right or cause of action to any third party.
9.3 Assignment and Subcontracting. Except as set out below, neither party may assign or novate this Agreement in whole or in part without the other party’s express written consent. Cisco may (a) by written notice to You, assign or novate this Agreement in whole or in part to an Affiliate of Cisco, or otherwise as part of a sale or transfer of any part of its business; or (b) subcontract any performance associated with the Cisco Technology to third parties, provided that such subcontract does not relieve Cisco of any of its obligations under this Agreement.
9.4 U.S. Government End Users. The Software, Cloud Services and Documentation are deemed to be “commercial computer software” and “commercial computer software documentation” pursuant to FAR 12.212 and DFARS 227.7202. All U.S. Government end users acquire the Cisco Technology and Documentation with only those rights set forth in this Agreement. Any provisions that are inconsistent with federal procurement regulations are not enforceable against the U.S. Government
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9.6 Compliance with Laws. Each party will comply with all laws and regulations applicable to their respective obligations under this Agreement. Cisco may restrict the availability of the Cisco Technology in any particular location or modify or discontinue features to comply with applicable laws and regulations.
If You use the Cisco Technology in a location with local laws requiring a designated entity to be responsible for collection of data about individual end users and transfer of data outside of that jurisdiction (e.g., Russia and China), You acknowledge that You are the entity responsible for complying with such laws.
9.7 Export. Cisco’s Software, Cloud Services, products, technology, and services (collectively the “Cisco Products”) are subject to U.S. and local export control and sanctions laws. You acknowledge and agree to the applicability of and Your compliance with those laws, and You will not receive, use, transfer, export, or re-export any Cisco Products in a way that would cause Cisco to violate those laws. You also agree to obtain any required licenses or authorizations
9.8 Governing Law and Venue. This Agreement, and any disputes arising from it, will be governed exclusively by the applicable governing law below, based on Your primary place of business (or primary residence, if you are not a business) and without regard to conflicts of laws rules or the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods. The courts located in the applicable venue below will have exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate any dispute arising out of or relating to the Agreement or its formation, interpretation or enforcement. Each party hereby consents and submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts. Regardless of the below governing law, either party may seek interim injunctive relief in any court of appropriate jurisdiction with respect to any alleged breach of Cisco’s intellectual property or proprietary rights
Your Primary Place of Business Governing Law Jurisdiction and Venue
Any location not specified below
| State of California, United States of America | Superior Court of California, County of Santa Clara and Federal Courts of the Northern District of California
| Australia | Laws of the State of New South Wales, Australia | State and Federal Courts of New South Wales |
| Canada | Province of Ontario, Canada | Courts of the Province of Ontario |
| China | Laws of the People’s Republic of China | Hong Kong International Arbitration Center |
| Europe (excluding Italy), Middle East, Africa, Asia (excluding Japan and China), Oceania (excluding Australia) | Laws of England | English Courts |
| Italy | Laws of Italy | Court of Milan |
| Japan | Laws of Japan | Tokyo District Court of Japan |
| United States, Latin America or the Caribbean | State of California, United States of America | Superior Court of California, County of Santa Clara and Federal Courts of the Northern District of California |
If You are a United States public sector agency or government institution located in the United States, the laws of the primary jurisdiction in which You are located will govern this Agreement and any disputes arising from it. For U.S. Federal Government users, this Agreement will be controlled and construed under the laws of the United States of America.
9.9 Notice. Any notice delivered by Cisco to You under this Agreement will be delivered on Cisco.com. Notices to Cisco should be sent to Cisco Systems, Inc., Office of General Counsel, 170 West Tasman Drive, San Jose, CA 95134.
9.10 Force Majeure. Neither party will be responsible for failure to perform its obligations due to an event or circumstances beyond its reasonable control.
9.11 No Waiver. Failure by either party to enforce any right under this Agreement will not waive that right.
9.12 Severability. If any portion of this Agreement is not enforceable, it will not affect any other terms.
9.13 Entire agreement. This Agreement is the complete agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter of this Agreement and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous communications, understandings or agreements (whether written or oral).
9.14 Translations. Cisco may provide local language translations of this Agreement in some locations. You agree that those translations are provided for informational purposes only and if there is any inconsistency, the English version of this Agreement will prevail.
9.15 Order of Precedence. If there is any conflict between this Agreement and any Cisco policies expressly referenced in this Agreement, the order of precedence is: (a) this Agreement; then (b) any applicable Cisco policy expressly referenced in this Agreement.
9.16 Language Election for Purchasers in Quebec. You confirm Your Agreement that this Cisco Technology is currently provided in English only.
Section 10. Additional Terms
10.1 Restrictions on Use by Minor Children. This Cisco Technology is not intended for use by persons younger than the age of consent in their relevant jurisdiction (e.g.,13 years old in the United States under the US Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998, or 16 or 13 years old in the European Union as per Member State law) (“Minor Children”). Minor Children are not permitted to create an account and You will not authorize Minor Children to access the Cisco Technology.
10.2 Capacity Restrictions. Your right to access and use this Cisco Technology is currently limited to five (5) nodes dedicated to applications/microservices.
10.3 Limited Community Support. This Cisco Technology is provided on a free-of-charge basis, as-is, and without support. Cisco has no obligation to maintain, repair, or upgrade this Cloud Service and Cisco will not provide user support services in connection with this Cisco Technology. User can refer to self-service help materials that cover a range of topics or reach out to our community forum to engage in community support discussions on our Documentation page at https://community.cisco.com/. Cisco makes no representations about and has no liability for these community support resources. All use of these resources, and the advice and guidance therein, is at Your own risk.
10.4 No Competitive Analysis. By agreeing to these terms, You represent and warrant that you will not use this Cisco Technology or its Documentation to (a) copy ideas, features, functions, or graphics; (b) develop competing products or services; or (c) perform competitive analyses.
10.5 Beta Functionality. User acknowledges and agrees that all or some components or functionality of the Cisco Technology may be in beta stage and may not have been (and may not become) productized or commercialized. You acknowledge that Your use and evaluation of this Cisco Technology is at Your own risk.
Section 11. Definitions
“Affiliate” means any corporation or company that directly or indirectly controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with the relevant party, where “control” means to: (a) own more than 50% of the relevant party; or (b) be able to direct the affairs of the relevant party through any lawful means (e.g., a contract that allows control).
“Authorized Third Parties” means Your Users, Your Affiliates, Your third-party service providers, and each of their respective Users, permitted to access and use the Cisco Technology on Your behalf as part of Your Entitlement.
“Cisco” “we” “our” or “us” means Cisco Systems, Inc. or its applicable Affiliate(s).
“Cisco Content” means any (a) content or data provided by Cisco to You as part of Your use of the Cisco Technology and (b) content or data that the Cisco Technology generates or derives in connection with Your use. Cisco Content includes geographic and domain information, rules, signatures, threat intelligence, and data feeds, and Cisco’s compilation of suspicious URLs.
“Cloud Service” means the Cisco hosted software-as-a-service offering or other Cisco cloud-enabled feature described in this Agreement. Cloud Services include applicable Documentation and may also include Software.
“Confidential Information” means non-public proprietary information of the disclosing party (“Discloser”) obtained by the receiving party (“Recipient”) in connection with this Agreement, which is (a) conspicuously marked as confidential or, if verbally disclosed, is summarized in writing to the Recipient within a reasonable time period after disclosure and marked as confidential; or (b) is information which by its nature should reasonably be considered confidential whether disclosed in writing or verbally.
“Delivery Date” means the date on which the Cloud Service is made available for Your use or, when Usage Rights in Software and Cloud Services are granted together, the earlier of the date Software is made available for download, or the date on which the Cloud Service is made available for Your use.
“Documentation” means the technical specifications and usage materials officially published by Cisco or available on https://community.cisco.com/ specifying the functionalities and capabilities of the applicable Cisco Technology.
“Entitlement” means the specific metrics, duration, and quantity of Cisco Technology that You acquire from Cisco under this Agreement.
“Software” means the Cisco computer programs including Upgrades, firmware and applicable Documentation.
“Upgrades” means all updates, upgrades, bug fixes, error corrections, enhancements and other modifications to the Software.
“Usage Term” means the period commencing on the Delivery Date and continuing until expiration or termination of the Entitlement, during which period You have the right to use the applicable Cisco Technology.
“User” means the individuals (including contractors or employees) permitted to access and use the Cisco Technology on Your behalf as part of Your Entitlement.
“You” means the individual or legal entity using the Cisco Technology.
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Undisclosed OpenSSL vulnerability: Free scripts for target scoping
Jonathan Rau
Monday, Oct 31st, 2022
Tomorrow is “patch Tuesday” and it's a notable one. The OpenSSL project team announced last week that they will be releasing OpenSSL version 3.0.7, with a patch to fix a critical security vulnerability. Until the vulnerability details are released, not much is known about the nature of the vulnerability. In 2014, Heartbleed was an extremely serious vulnerability that was in the codebase for nearly 2 years going back to 2012, to this day that vulnerability remains unpatched in many environments. In 2016, OpenSSL had several other vulnerabilities and security bulletins ranging from egregious POODLE attacks against the AES-NI CBC MAC check to less serious buffer overflows.
While many are worried about what could potentially happen because of this disclosure this post answers the call to action of finding what resources are potentially impacted by this upcoming OpenSSL v3.x vulnerability. In this post you will be provided with several Python scripts for attempting to find resources with OpenSSL installed in them either directly or as an upstream dependency as part of their software supply chain. Hopefully these will assist Panoptica customers and other security professionals in the broader community.
Locating OpenSSL: Microsoft Defender for Endpoint (MDE)
Microsoft Defender for Endpoint (MDE), formerly known as Microsoft Defender Advanced Threat Protection (ATP), is an Extended Detection & Response (XDR) agent within the Microsoft Defender ecosystem that provides Threat & Vulnerability Management (TVM), Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR), and other security capability sets to users of the agent. MDE can provide XDR coverage of varying maturity to Linux, Windows, and MacOS devices within your environment – including cloud-based instances.
Important Note: The following script relies on an Enterprise Application (EA) being created with necessary permissions to access various Defender APIs and your tenant ID, the EA client ID, and EA secret ID being stored in encrypted AWS Systems Manager (SSM) Parameter Store parameters. Refer to this Blog for more information on this setup.
This script will retrieve credentials from AWS SSM Parameter Store, authenticate to the Microsoft Security Graph, retrieve every single active MDE machine, and then retrieve the installed software. Only machines with OpenSSL installed will be written to a JSON document along with basic metadata such as the computer name and IP addresses identified by MDE. The installed software API does not provide any version numbers or Common Platform Enumeration (CPE) identifiers.
import boto3
import os
import requests
import json
import re
tenantIdParam = os.environ['AZURE_APP_TENANT_ID_PARAM']
clientIdParam = os.environ['AZURE_APP_CLIENT_ID_PARAM']
secretIdParam = os.environ['AZURE_APP_SECRET_ID_PARAM']
def get_token():
ssm = boto3.client('ssm')
tenantId = ssm.get_parameter(Name=tenantIdParam,WithDecryption=True)['Parameter']['Value']
clientId = ssm.get_parameter(Name=clientIdParam,WithDecryption=True)['Parameter']['Value']
secretId = ssm.get_parameter(Name=secretIdParam,WithDecryption=True)['Parameter']['Value']
tokenUrl = f'https://login.microsoftonline.com/{tenantId}/oauth2/token'
resourceAppIdUri = 'https://api.securitycenter.microsoft.com'
#tokenHeaders = { 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' }
data = {
'grant_type': 'client_credentials',
'client_id': clientId,
'resource' : resourceAppIdUri,
'client_secret': secretId
}
r = requests.post(
tokenUrl,
data=data
)
token = r.json()['access_token']
print('SSM Parameters processed and OAuth Token created')
del data
del ssm
return token
def get_machines():
# Retrieve OAuth token for Bearer AuthN
token = get_token()
# Create empty list to hold MDE Machine data
mdeMachines = []
# Set filename for upload
fileName = 'processed_machines'
headers = {'Authorization': f'Bearer {token}'}
# Retrieve all Machines
r = requests.get(
'https://api-us.securitycenter.microsoft.com/api/machines',
headers=headers
)
# As we loop through Machine data from MDE, we want to pull out only AWS EC2 Instances which should be tagged with the Instance ID
# provided you set up properly...
for v in r.json()['value']:
# drop the IP address details
del v['ipAddresses']
# Skip "Inactive" Machines
if str(v['healthStatus']) == 'Inactive':
continue
mdeMachines.append(v)
get_machine_vulns(mde_machines=mdeMachines)
def get_machine_vulns(mde_machines):
'''
This function receives a parsed list of MDE Machines and uses them to retrieve vulnerabilities.
Uploads JSON files and associated QuickSight Manifests to S3 as well.
'''
# Retrieve OAuth token for Bearer AuthN
token = get_token()
headers = headers = {'Authorization': f'Bearer {token}'}
# OpenSSL regex...
opensslRegex = re.compile('openssl')
# Create an empty list to house all of the machine vulnerabilities
openSslMachines = []
print('Finding MDE-enabled Machines with OpenSSL installed.')
for machine in mde_machines:
# parse the machine payload
machineId = machine['id']
computerDnsName = machine['computerDnsName']
osPlatform = machine['osPlatform']
osVersion = machine['osVersion']
lastIpAddress = machine['lastIpAddress']
lastExternalIpAddress = machine['lastExternalIpAddress']
r = requests.get(
f'https://api-us.securitycenter.microsoft.com/api/machines/{machineId}/software',
headers=headers
)
# We will provide some basic shaping of the data returned for Vulnerabilities - namely around Exploit data
try:
for v in r.json()['value']:
# Check for the software name - if it doesn't match OpenSSL, skip it over
if not opensslRegex.search(v['name']):
continue
else:
openSslDict = {
'MachineId': machineId,
'ComputerDnsName': computerDnsName,
'OsPlatform': osPlatform,
'OsVersion': osVersion,
'LastIpAddress': lastIpAddress,
'LastExternalIpAddress': lastExternalIpAddress,
'SoftwareId': v['id'],
'SoftwareName': v['name']
}
openSslMachines.append(openSslDict)
except KeyError as ke:
print(ke)
continue
with open('./mde_openssl_machines.json', 'w') as jsonfile:
json.dump(
openSslMachines,
jsonfile,
indent=4,
default=str
)
print('Complete')
get_machines()
The expected output from this script will resemble this example:
Within the AWS Cloud, the AWS Systems Manager (SSM) service is a management and governance service which combines several configuration management utilities such as patch management, package management, and software asset management into a suite of easy-to-use tools and APIs. Within the SSM ecosystem is Fleet Manager which is a sub-service that collates EC2 instances and on-premises servers managed by SSM Hybrid Activations along with their patch status, compliance status (e.g., from tools such as Chef InSpec), and their inventory.
Using the ListInventoryEntries API from SSM, you can retrieve specific packages using filtering operators such as “BeginWith” to attempt to find installed packages. This method requires your EC2 instance to be onboarded to AWS SSM and have a correctly configured Inventory collection state management association. Additionally, this does not account for edge-cases where an installed package is not named OpenSSL but relies on it in an upstream fashion.
The following script will locate all your opted-in AWS Regions for your Account and attempt to find EC2 instances, determined if they are onboarded by SSM, and then attempts to write any OpenSSL package into a JSON file.
from botocore.config import Config
import boto3
import json
# Boto3 Client Configuration for retries. AWS Defaults to 4 Max Attempts in "Normal Mode"
# Adaptive is a beta feature that will attempt exponential backoffs and different headers
# to avoid being throttled
config = Config(
retries = {
'max_attempts': 10,
'mode': 'adaptive'
}
)
def get_opted_in_aws_regions():
ec2 = boto3.client('ec2')
print('Getting all AWS Regions')
# create empty list for all opted-in Regions
regionList = []
try:
# Get all Regions we are opted in for
for r in ec2.describe_regions()['Regions']:
regionName = str(r['RegionName'])
optInStatus = str(r['OptInStatus'])
if optInStatus == 'not-opted-in':
pass
else:
regionList.append(regionName)
print('All Regions retrieved from EC2 service')
except Exception as e:
raise e
print('Got all AWS Regions')
return regionList
def get_ec2_instances():
# List to hold Instances with openssl
openSslInstances = []
# Loop all Regions
for region in get_opted_in_aws_regions():
session = boto3.Session(region_name=region)
ec2 = session.client('ec2', config=config)
ssm = session.client('ssm', config=config)
paginator = ec2.get_paginator('describe_instances')
iterator = paginator.paginate(
Filters=[
{
'Name': 'instance-state-name',
'Values': [
'running',
'stopped'
]
}
]
)
for page in iterator:
for r in page['Reservations']:
for i in r['Instances']:
# First, determine if the Instance belongs to a Spot Fleet,
# if it does we do not want/need to collect it due to coverage discrepancies
try:
iLifecycle = i['SpotInstanceRequestId']
except KeyError:
iLifecycle = 'NotSpot'
if iLifecycle != 'NotSpot':
continue
else:
# Check if an instance is onboarded by SSM
instanceId = str(i['InstanceId'])
dii = ssm.describe_instance_information(
Filters=[
{
'Key': 'InstanceIds',
'Values': [instanceId]
}
]
)
if not dii['InstanceInformationList']:
print(f'Instance {instanceId} in Region {region} is not managed by SSM.')
else:
for openssl in ssm.list_inventory_entries(
InstanceId=instanceId,
TypeName='AWS:Application',
Filters=[
{
'Key': 'Name',
'Values': [
'openssl'
],
'Type': 'BeginWith'
}
]
)['Entries']:
openSslDict = {
'InstanceId': instanceId,
'AwsRegion': region,
'ApplicationName': openssl['Name'],
'PackageId': openssl['PackageId'],
'ApplicationVersion': openssl['Version']
}
openSslInstances.append(openSslDict)
with open('./aws_ec2_openssl_machines.json', 'w') as jsonfile:
json.dump(
openSslInstances,
jsonfile,
indent=4,
default=str
)
print('Complete')
get_ec2_instances()
The expected output from this script will resemble this example:
This section deals with two related tools by Anchore, Grype and Syft, both of which are command-line utilities for Docker images and filesystems. Both work with several “flavors” of Linux such as Alpine, BusyBox, Amazon Linux, Ubuntu, and RHEL as well as several language-specific package managers such as Ruby Gems, NPM, Yarn, Wheel, Poetry, and their derivative files such as JAR and requirements.txt files.
Grype is a vulnerability management tool that works on containers and filesystems so it can be used on your cloud-based instances as well as any Docker images which you build. Syft is a tool to generate Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) files in JSON, CycloneDX, and SPDX formats (among others) which can also be absorbed into Grype for faster vulnerability management built on top of your SBOM creation process. SBOMs have gained popularity within the wider cybersecurity community due to fiat decrees (Execute Orders) issued by the United States Government.
While vulnerability management tools and SBOMs in their basest form will retrieve CPEs and other package information from the operating system and package management tools – how they use this information differs widely. For the most part a vulnerability management tool takes only the packages that match against any number of vulnerability information databases such as the NIST National Vulnerability Database (NVD) and retrieve information about the specific vulnerability such as the severity and description.
An SBOM on the other hand is analogous to an ingredients label for your food, however it goes into more detail, imagine if the ingredients also came with individual provenance information such as their upstream ingredient, the factory it was produced in, how it got to where you purchased it, and other supply chain information. That is more akin to what an SBOM is, identifying the direct installed packages within your system as well as the upstream packages in which those other packages are dependent on – giving you a full picture of transient and deeply nested dependencies. Orienting your vulnerability management processes on SBOMs instead of directly on filesystems and package management tools will help solve for third party risk use cases as well as typical risk treatment efforts by your broader threat and vulnerability management program.
Before using this script install both tools (this requires administrative permissions on your OS) using the command line and run a JSON report for both tools against public Docker images. Do not run the last two commands until you create the provided script.
How Panoptica customers can discover any vulnerable OpenSSL endpoints
Due to the fact that the CVE has not been released yet, it does not have a number, therefore Panoptica will show this vulnerable asset as having the CVE - ‘CVE-OPENSSL-UNDISCLOSED’.
Starting from the next scan of each account, please follow these steps to identify all your vulnerable assets:
Log in to the Panoptica platform.
Go to the ‘Vulnerabilities’ page.
Search for ‘CVE-OPENSSL-UNDISCLOSED’.
If there are vulnerable assets, click on the result row.
A side panel opens with the full Details and the Assets list on the second tab.
Scroll down and click on ‘Show in Assets List’ to see the detailed list.
The Panoptica Attack Path Prioritization Engine will prioritize those assets that are vulnerable which are public and/or noted that they contain sensitive data.
Whenever a critical vulnerability on a popular piece of software is released, we get encouraged and inspired by how our cloud defenders, blue teamers, PSIRT engineers and many more come together to patch the gap. We’re proud to be a part of this community and hope some of these scripts and recommendations will help.
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